Introduction The concept of capital is fundamental to understanding how economies function. From investments in infrastructure to funding innovative startups, capital serves as the backbone for growth and development. In recent months, the dynamics of capital markets have shifted significantly due to various global factors, affecting how businesses and governments access and utilise financial resources.
Introduction Saudi Arabia, known for its vast oil reserves and cultural heritage, is undergoing a significant transformation aimed at diversifying its economy away from oil dependency. This transition is encapsulated in the Vision 2030 initiative, which was launched in April 2016. The importance of this topic is underscored by its potential impact on both regional